When did electronics start?

In the interwar years, the subject was known as radio engineering. The word electronics began to be used in the 1940s In the late 1950s the term electronic engineering started to emerge.

Peter Cooper Hewitt

Power electronics technology is still an emerging technology, and it has found its way into many applications, from renewable energy generation (i.e., wind power and solar power) to electrical vehicles (EVs), biomedical devices, and small appliances such as laptop chargers.

The systems and machines of our world depend on power electronics for the ability to run efficiently and sustainably. Power electronics is the application of solid-state electronics for the control and conversion of electric power.

The basic functions of importance for power electronics are (1) power conversion, ac to dc, dc to ac, ac to ac, (2) power conditioning to remove distortion, harmonics, voltage dips and overvoltages, (3) high speed and/or frequent control of electrical parameters such as currents, voltage impedance, and phase angle, and …

Advantages of Power Electronics System:- High efficiency due to low loss in power semiconductor devices. High reliability of power electronic converter system. Long life and less maintenance due to absence of any moving parts. Fast dynamic response compared to electromechanical converter system.

A power electronic converter uses power electronic components such as SCRs, TRIACs, IGBTs, etc. to control and convert the electric power. The main aim of the converter is to produce conditioning power with respect to a certain application.

Power electronics deals with the conversion and control of electrical energy with the help of power semiconductor devices that operate in a switching mode, and, therefore, efficiency of power electronic apparatus may approach as high as 98–99%.

Power Output means the average rate of electric energy delivery during one Metering Interval, converted to an hourly rate of electric energy delivery, in kWh per hour, that is equal to the product of Metered Energy for one Metering Interval, in kWh per Metering Interval, times the number of Metering Intervals in a one- …

High power applications are one of the main uses of “hard” piezoelectric ceramic materials. Piezoelectric materials are categorized as a “soft” material or a “hard” material based on the physical and piezoelectric properties that they exhibit.

Power factor (PF) is the ratio of working power, measured in kilowatts (kW), to apparent power, measured in kilovolt amperes (kVA). … It is found by multiplying (kVA = V x A). The result is expressed as kVA units. PF expresses the ratio of true power used in a circuit to the apparent power delivered to the circuit.

The main cause of low Power factor is Inductive Load. As in pure inductive circuit, Current lags 90° from Voltage, this large difference of phase angle between current and voltage causes zero power factor.

three types

Power factor is a measure of how effectively you are using electricity. … We call this non-working power kVAR’s, or kilovolt-amperes-reactive. Every home and business has both resistive and inductive loads. The ratio between these two types of loads becomes important as you add more inductive equipment.

The ideal power factor is unity, or one. Anything less than one means that extra power is required to achieve the actual task at hand. All current flow causes losses both in the supply and distribution system. A load with a power factor of 1.

Real power, measured in watts, defines the power consumed by the resistive part of a circuit. Then real power, (P) in an AC circuit is the same as power, P in a DC circuit. So just like DC circuits, it is always calculated as I2*R, where R is the total resistive component of the circuit.

Going one step further, Power Factor (PF) is the ratio of working power to apparent power, or the formula PF = kW / kVA. A high PF benefits both the customer and utility, while a low PF indicates poor utilization of electrical power.

You can improve power factor by adding power factor correction capacitors to your plant distribution system. When apparent power (kVA) is greater than working power (kW), the utility must supply the excess reactive current plus the working current . Power capacitors act as reactive current generators .

A power factor of less than one indicates the voltage and current are not in phase, reducing the average product of the two. … In an electric power system, a load with a low power factor draws more current than a load with a high power factor for the same amount of useful power transferred.

A lower power factor causes a higher current flow for a given load. As the line current increases, the voltage drop in the conductor increases, which may result in a lower voltage at the equipment. With an improved power factor, the voltage drop in the conductor is reduced, improving the voltage at the equipment.

A lagging power factor denotes that on the phasor diagram, the current lags (is behind) the voltage, and a leading power factor denotes that the current leads (is ahead) the voltage. For inductive loads (e.g. induction motors, coils, lamps), the current lags behind the voltage, thus having a lagging power factor.

Power Triangle is the representation of a right angle triangle showing the relation between active power, reactive power and apparent power. … The power which flows back and forth that means it moves in both the direction in the circuit or reacts upon it, is called Reactive Power.

Active power: P = V x Ia (kW)

In a single-phase power system, reactive power comes from the interaction of generator windings and any inductive loads on the system, and it’s bad because then you have this energy exchange between the load and source going through the whole transmission system, overloading lines and resulting in losses.