Which of the following antibiotics exhibits concentration dependent killing?

Fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides and metronidazole have concentration-dependent bactericidal activity while β-lactams and vancomycin are concentration-independent.

Concentration-Dependent Killing: Other classes of antibiotics, such as aminoglycosides and quinolones, have high concentrations at the binding site which eradicates the microorganism and, hence, these drugs are considered to have a different kind of bacterial killing, named concentration-dependent killing.

Vancomycin is a concentration-independent antibiotic (also referred to as a “time-dependent” antibiotic), and there are factors that affect its clinical activity, including variable tissue distribution, inoculum size, and emerging resistance.

The hybrid pattern of antimicrobial activity involves both the duration of pathogen exposure to the antibiotic and a prolonged, persistent post-antibiotic effect. The aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones exhibit concentration-dependent killing.

TablesAntibiotic ClassPharmacodynamic ProfilePharmacodynamic Parameter to OptimizeAminoglycosidesConcentration-dependentPeak:MICPenicillinsTime-dependentTime>MICCephalosporinsTime-dependentTime>MICCarbapenemsTime-dependentTime>MICNog 7 rijen•5 jul. 2019

Amoxicillin is a hydrophilic drug, and its binding degree to plasma protein is approximately 30% (Gehring and Smith, 2006). It is metabolized into amoxicilloic acid, which causes allergic reactions (Reyns et al., 2008).

Both amoxicillin and the active BLI are acidic polar compounds, and they elute right at or very close to the solvent front on most reversed-phase HPLC columns. The European Pharmacopoeia (EP) method for amoxicillin uses a 25-minute linear gradient from 92% aqueous to 80% aqueous, due to its polar characteristics.

Ampicillin and amoxicillin are more polar / hydrophilic than benzylpenicillin ( Pen G) because of the presence of a polar group (NH2) in the amide side chain and (OH) in amoxicillin at para position.

The main difference between ampicillin and amoxicillin is that amoxicillin is slightly more lipid soluble. As a result, amoxicillin may kill bacteria slightly quicker.

Ampicillin is effective against many bacteria including H. influenzae, N. gonorrhoea, E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella, streptococci and certain strains of staphylococci.2

Ampicillin is in a class of medications called penicillins. It works by killing bacteria. Antibiotics such as ampicillin will not work for colds, flu, or other viral infections. Taking antibiotics when they are not needed increases your risk of getting an infection later that resists antibiotic treatment.

The in vitro activity of amoxicillin is similar to that of ampicillin. Ampicillin usually is given intravenously (IV) or intramuscularly (IM), whereas amoxicillin is the preferred oral agent because it is less likely to cause diarrhea and can be administered less frequently than oral ampicillin.

Amoxicillin was created by modifying the original chemical structure of penicillin to make it more potent. Both amoxicillin and penicillin cover Streptococcal bacteria. However, Amoxicillin is considered a broad-range antibiotic that covers a wider variety of bacteria compared to penicillin.

Amoxicillin is an antibiotic. It’s used to treat bacterial infections, such as chest infections (including pneumonia), dental abscesses and urinary tract infections (UTIs). It’s used in children, often to treat ear infections and chest infections. The medicine is only available on prescription.

Amoxicillin – A broader spectrum form of penicillin, amoxicillin may be more effective and convenient for some patients. Research suggests that a single daily dose of amoxicillin may be just as effective as multiple doses of penicillin taken in a day. Amoxicillin also tends to taste better than penicillin.

Parenteral penicillin continues to be the drug of choice for treatment of all stages of syphilis. Three antiviral medications have been shown to provide clinical benefit in the treatment of genital herpes: acyclovir, valacyclovir and famciclovir.

Syphilis : Penicillin is the preferred treatment for syphilis. Early treatment is crucial to prevent the bacteria from spreading to and damaging other organs. Genital herpes : Once you are infected with genital herpes, the virus remains in your body for life.

Amoxycillin is thus a safe and effective oral agent for the treatment of all stages of syphilis in man.

Antibiotics will treat trichomoniasis.2

Trichomoniasis (or “trich”) is a very common sexually transmitted disease (STD). It is caused by infection with a protozoan parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis. Although symptoms of the disease vary, most people who have the parasite cannot tell they are infected.

Trichomoniasis is the most common curable sexually transmitted infection and easily treatable with a course of antibiotics. It’s known for its pungent fishy odor. “The trichomoniasis infection can be quite smelly,” says Minkin. “It’s a more pronounced fishy odor than bacterial vaginosis.”4 okt. 2018

Antibiotics. Trichomoniasis is usually treated quickly and easily with antibiotics. Most people are prescribed an antibiotic called metronidazole which is very effective if taken correctly. You’ll usually have to take metronidazole twice a day, for 5 to 7 days.

You’re typically cured in about 7 to 10 days, but check with your doctor to know for sure. It’s not uncommon for people to get another trich infection a few months after treatment. So make sure you don’t have sex again until you and your sex partners are cured and your symptoms are gone.

Trichomoniasis is spread through sexual contact. So, how can you get trichomoniasis is no one cheats in a relationship? In very rare cases, it can spread through sharing personal items, such as towels. Read on to learn more about how trichomoniasis spreads and whether it’s a sign that your partner is cheating.

Left untreated, trichomoniasis can lead to severe health problems. Trichomonas infection is closely tied to co-infection with HIV, easing transmission of the virus that causes AIDS.

What are the long-term health effects? New research has found a correlation between infected males and increased risk of prostate cancer. In women, trich has been found to increase the risk of HIV infection, AIDS, and cervical cancer.

Some people with symptoms of trich get them within 5 to 28 days after being infected, but others do not develop symptoms until much later. Symptoms can come and go, and without treatment, the infection can last for months or even years.

Without treatment, trich can last for months or even years. It doesn’t go away on its own. The entire time you’re infected, you can give the STD to your sexual partners.

Chlamydia and gonorrhea are caused by bacterial infection, while Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasitic infection. All three happen when an individual has unprotected sex with an infected partner. Those, who are at high risk of getting infected, need to get tested regularly.